Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is common in premature babies and may be asymptomatic or result in apnoea and bradycardia. Heart failure may occur due to volume overload and these neonates will require prostaglandin inhibitors such as indomethacin or ibuprofen. Babies with PDA are monitored with echocardiography to ensure PDA closure. Surgical ligation may be necessary if the PDA fails to close.

VSD/ASD

Tetralogy of Fallot: VSD, pulmonary stenosis, RVH, overriding aorta

Congenital heart disease: ​Congenital heart disease (NHS Choices)